Cry the Beloved Country Analysis - 1006 Words

Summer Assignment Topic A - Cry, the Beloved Country Alan Paton’s work is significant in that it highlights and analyzes, from both white and black perspective, the racial boundary and its effect on society as a whole. This boundary, as Paton emphasizes, has a diverse affect on different groups of people, as well as individuals. The way that those individuals react, in Paton’s book, defines whether or not those individuals are viewed as the enemy or the victim. While their initial reactions may be different, their final reactions are the same; that is, they find spiritual reassessment and moral reconciliation. Stephan Kumalo is often displayed as the protagonist of the book, even though Paton†¦show more content†¦We can therefore conclude that the black youth of Johannesburg are almost as innocent, reacting to the pressures and contradictions of their environment. It is significant, then, that Absalom is hanged even though the judge takes sympathy upon him; while the judge may want to set Absalom free, the laws demand that he take the maximum sentence for his crimes. Paton strategically organizes his syntax and diction so that the reader concludes that the laws, like Absalom, are a product of the environment, and are therefore, paradoxical. These circumstances make it clear that Absalom is a victim and has many outlets to blame in order to evade death. However, he accepts full responsibility and now understands the circumstances of the black people. Even though he eventually comes to the same conclusion as his father, to forgive and understand, he’s a little too late. Paton does this to compare the older and younger generations and their fate; while the older may have been able to do something to change their environment, the young people of Johannesburg who discover the truth will be snuffed out before they are able to induce significant change, hence the fates of both Arthur Jarvis and Absalom. Cry, the Beloved Country is a magnificent insight into the world of injustice of not just Africa, but other unjust societies as well. Paton emphasizes that even though there are many toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Cry, The Beloved Country1324 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing the race relationships between characters in Not Either and Experimental Doll and Cry, the Beloved Country certainly brings the social culture of 1940s/50s South Africa to light. In Not Either an Experimental Doll, the push for a personal relationship between an African girl and white woman results in a clear division of social statuses. Cry, the Beloved Country, however, depicts a personal relationship between a black man and a white man that results in mutual respect and understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Patons Cry, The Beloved Country962 Words   |  4 Pagesbut not doing anything to try and fix it will ultimately not solve the issue of racial division. In the novel, Cry, the Beloved Count ry, by Alan Paton, a wise man named Msimangu, and Arthur Jarvis, a well-respected activist, are characters that seek an end to the racial divide in the country of South Africa. Msimangu and Arthur Jarvis each uniquely seek an end to division in their country through teaching hope and working for justice. Msimangu teaches Stephen Kumalo about his hope for South AfricaRead MoreAnalysis Of Alan Patons Cry The Beloved Country847 Words   |  4 PagesReverend Stephen Kumalo, the protagonist of Alan Paton’s novel Cry, the Beloved Country, lives in the countryside of Ndotsheni. The countryside is in drought, over-farmed, and the land is dying. Despite all this, it is still representative of home and peace to the characters in the novel. It is the home of traditions and old trivial rules. However, a consistent theme it brings is young people leaving for the city, and therefore bringing new messages to South Africa as a whole. The novel presentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Stephen Kumalos Cry, The Beloved Country1284 Words   |  6 PagesIn Cry, the Beloved Country, Paton details a gripping story of Stephen Kumalo’s search for his son while conveying significant ideas regarding the social injustice and integrated racism of South Africa during the segregation of apartheid. Paton struct ures his story around revolving points of view and maintaining a sometimes simplistic or lyrical language specific to varying parts of the novel to express his message of the disintegration of faith coming from new experiences, distinctively hardshipsRead MoreCry The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Analysis928 Words   |  4 PagesIt is no new information that God tends to directs the ordinary people out of their normal lives and make something great out of them. This reprsents what occured in Stephen Kumalos life from the book Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton. Those who live broken and imperfect are the people God sees something special in. Grabbing these people out of their brokenness and make the world better through them. Like all the other ordinary people that contributed in Gods plan, Stephen Kumalos journeyRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country By Alan Paton Analysis929 Words   |  4 Pages It is no new information that God tends to take the ordinary people out of their normal lives and make something great out of them. This is exactly what happened to Stephen Kumalo in the book Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton. It is those are are broken and imperfect that God sees something special through. Taking these people out of their brokenness and make the world better through them. Like all the other ordinary people that got brought up by God, Stephen Kumalo’s journey was no differentRead MoreThe Importance Of Love In Cry The Beloved Country By Alan Paton900 Words   |  4 Pagesbecoming understanding and empathetic to all people. Arthur Jarvis, a white civil rights activist who was shot and killed in his home and Msimangu a Native priest of South Africa work in their communities to promote love and equality. In Cry the Beloved Country, author Alan Paton uses characters Msimangu and Arthur Jarvis to show how love and outspokenness can start the healing of a broke n nation. Msimangu uses love to teach unity between the people because the white man has broken the tribes andRead MoreRace And Personal Relationships During 1950s / 50s South Africa1361 Words   |  6 Pages1940s/50s South Africa Analyzing the race relationships between characters in Not Either and Experimental Doll and Cry, the Beloved Country really brings the social culture of 1940s/50s South Africa to light. In Not Either an Experimental Doll, the push for a personal relationship between an African girl and white woman results in a clear division of social statuses. Cry, the Beloved Country, however, depicts a personal relationship between a black man and a white man that results in mutual respect andRead MoreBeloved : A Reconstruction Of Our Past1705 Words   |  7 PagesKarla Ximena Leyte Professor John Crossley Short Close Reading Paper #2 November 20, 2015 Beloved: A reconstruction of our past Beloved by Toni Morrison is a reconstruction of history told by the African American perspective, a perspective that is often shadowed or absent in literature. Her novel presents a cruel demonstration of the horrors endured by slaves and the emotional and psychological effects it created for the African American community. It unmasks the realities of slavery, in whichRead MoreRhetorical Features of Lyndon B. Johnson’s Presidencial Acceptance Speech742 Words   |  3 Pagessworn in as president. In the midst of a grieving country, he was given the duty of handling a transition in leadership and presenting an acceptance speech before Congress. LBJ gave his acceptance speech of the U.S. presidency in front of Congress just five short days after John F. Kennedy had been assassinated. Expectations were high but then again no one knew what was to come of LBJ as president. In a time of much confusion throughout the country, it was his responsibility to reassure the American

The Hidden Truth on Business Article Review Uncovered

The Hidden Truth on Business Article Review Uncovered As stated by the write-up, sustainability is the capability of a business organization to totally engage its production factors in the brief run and hence maximize its profit, and making sure the corporation will fulfill its future targets and objectives, Hightower (2008). In the end, after you graduate, you will need to enter the world of organizations and companies. In the short article, franchise is discussed among the attractive opportunities for beginning businesspeople as it provides a whole lot of highly professional guidance on starting and running a small business. A good case of a sustainable initiative is carrying out research to determine the degree of activities that is likely to make certain that the firm will still exist after a lengthy moment. Utilise the assistance of our service and don't be concerned about how you complete the school. There are insufficient jobs for everybody. Therefore, if you're attempting to develop much better business writing skills or simply on the lookout for quality business writing assistance, you'll find everything here. It will become simple to launch your own company without having specialized education and techniques. If you're in need of a Business term paper do not be afraid to log on to our site and order for the crucial services. Our service supplies you with the capability to compose your company plan within the shortest period. The business must do a better job of explaining what things to do with the data. Our company has quite flexible and easy small business school admissions essay with framed questions for a prospective student aspiring to sign up for an MBA or another small business courses one wants to pursue. Our writers are almost always prepared to compose a business plan within one day! Writing an article review takes a lot of time, patience, and knowledge because a good deal of requirements ought to be met. If you are searching for a top quality article writing service for your site, article directories or for other advertising and marketing efforts, then look no more. ClickTraffic, supply you with quality article writing service for your site, article directories or other marketing and advertising efforts. The Dirty Facts on Business Article Review To compose a guide or journal review ways to approach it critically. You're able to observe examples of reviews in almost any historical journal, which might let you write. If you're working on the research article review, be certain to use certain points for analysis. If you're working the way the research article review, be certain to use certain points for analysis. Let's hope it is a good one. The business failed to recognize contemporary small business trends and, because of this, was unable to successfully enter the cell industry. Let's say you pay for over 10 orders for the length of a class. Just take a look at the aims of the research and the thesis statement. There are lots of topics to pick from current events. Too close, particularly, and it won't get the job done. The business will not disclose the contents of the solution employed in the fracking claiming that it's a trade secret. When writing service pieces, it's advisable to concentrate on products which are new. A superb client base consists of sufficient quality and amount of consumers might take several years to build. One of the most important advantages supplied by the platform is that you're able to keep in touch with your specialist and control the practice of production. So, mentioning the strong surfaces of the write-up is crucial. Juggling both the content in addition to the format that is needed for an effective review writing is rather difficult. For starters, it's surely important to pick the textual piece you'll be working with. Professional UK writers writing top quality and unique content. Please don't use folders an easy cover page is sufficient. You're simply unable to make an ideal paper from scratch. You should develop your own small business paper from scratch. Use the purchase calculator below and begin!

Epidemiology World Health Organization

Question: Discuss about theEpidemiology for World Health Organization. Answer: Introduction The design used in the research is food frequency questionnaire which is commonly referred to as FFQ design. The main advantage of this design is that the method is suitable in the measurement of long term dietary intake as it is based on average intakes of food over a period of time. Another advantage of this design is that the design is pre-corded and therefore its data preparation does not require a nutritional expert. The model is also very efficient and its cost of administration is very low .the design can also be administered in one visit (Friis, 2010). During the follow up period of five years, 1879 cases of the type two diabetes mellitus were detected from the cohort study. When both the quintiles were compiled and compared, the energy and age attuned relative risks were as follows; whole grain=0.62 (95% [CI] 0.53, 0.71, P inclination .0001). Refined grain=1.31 (95% CI=1.12, 1.53, P trend = .0003. Ratios of polished to whole grain intake =1.57 (95% CI=1.36, 1.82, P trend .0001. RR=1.26, 95% Confidence interval= 1.08, 1.46, P=.01 for tendency when the extreme quintiles were compared. From the table, we can easily observe that the total grain consumption is directly related to a reduction in the level of risk of contracting diabetes mellitus 2.there is an inverse relationship between the consumption of whole grains and the risk of suffering from diabetes type 2.The whole grain is associated to the intake of cereal fiber. Cereal fiber intake reduces the risk of suffering from diabetes mellitus 2. From the study, the research indicates that total grain consumption is inversely related with the possibility of suffering from diabetes mellitus II. Lower intake of whole grain was highly associated to an increase in the likelihood of suffering from diabetes mellitus II. The whole grains are rich in cereal fiber which are highly associated with prevention against diabetes mellitus 2.Dietary fiber intake is one nutrient that can greatly help in protection against the diabetes disease. The main reason for adjustments of analysis was because cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and family history appeared to be a major factor affecting the body mass index (BMI).The above also showed a strong quadratic relationship causing underweight risk especially in women. Alcohol consumption, smoking, age and the geographical area are considered to be potential confounding factors that required adjustments so as to reduce bias in the study since diabetes mellitus 2 risks is positively associated to them. The use of food frequency questionnaire in the study tends to overestimate the energy and total grain consumption but it does not account for protein and fat intake (Coulston, Boushey, Ferruzzi, 2013). Validation and calibration studies are important in food frequency questionnaire in nutrition epidemiology for the purpose of interpreting the findings and other factors that affect validation. These factors may include memory and the nutrients data. Table of association between dietary fat intake and skin cancer. Cancer patient= CP Melanoma (high)= H Melanoma (low)=L Total CP CPH=150 CPL=80 CP=230 Control=C CH=130 CL=100 C=230 Non control=NC NCH=280 CN=40 CN=40 Total CH=300 CL=200 500 RR= [{am / (am+bn)} / {cm/ (cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq) / b(c+aq)} / {b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] High vs. low fat intake [50{1+ (80/500)} / 25{1+ (250/500)] =68/37.5 OR 1.813. Medium vs. high fat intake. = [25{1+ (40/500)} / 50{1+ (80/500)}] =27/68 or 0.397 This is because the risk of suffering from melanoma reduces with the reduction of low dietary fat. Population attributed to risk of melanoma due to low fat intake; =25% of 500= 125 people. Twenty five percent of the study cohort who consumed low dietary fat still faced the risk of suffering from melanoma. This can be attributed to other factors such as alcohol consumption and smoking. By using the same instrument in a dietary based study, it is visible that there is no concrete evidence that supports the relationship between high fat intake and increased risk of suffering from melanoma. Rather, the research indicates the likelihood of the above happening. Up to date, there is no study that has investigated the association between dietary fat intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma, the risk of CMM and squamous cell carcinoma in a same cohort and while using the same design of fat intake. There is no major association between exposure and the cohort suffering from the disease. When the cohort is exposed and when not exposed, the likelihood of suffering from the disease is constant. The spread of the disease can be attributed to other factor apart from exposure. Exposure to the UV radiation is the single major factor that is highly attributed to skin cancer (Rom, Markowitz, 2007). Also, the variation of incidences such as the coetaneous malignant melanoma in a cohort living in a similar altitude has suggested that fat dietary intake may have a role in a cohort suffering from melanoma. Relative risk of exposure causing disease in young adults. RR= [{am / (am+bn)} / {cm/ (cm+dn)}] = [{a (d+bq) / b(c+aq)} / {b(c+aq)}] = [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] = [30{1+970/120)} / 80{1+ (50/120)}] =47.50 / 113333 =0.419 Relative risk of exposure causing disease older adults. RR= [ad {1+ (b/d)} / bc {1+ (a/c)}] [40{1+ (70/120)} / 90{1+ (50/120)}] =63.333/127.5 =0.4967 The relative exposure to risk in older adults is higher compared to that of younger adults. Exposure increases the probability of an older adult suffering from the disease but it does not affect the younger adults. This is inverse when there is no exposure. More young adults are at a risk of getting sick when there is no exposure than the -older adults. An example of a typical bias in a cohort study is the subject selection bias. It is least expected that the factors that may affect enrollment of subjects into a probable cohort study can introduce bias. To create this bias, the selection of the subject has to be related to both the outcome and exposure (Lachin, 2014). Area under discussion is usually enrolled into a group of study before they have the result and the experience of concern. This indicates how easily an enrolment may be related to exposure. This type of cohort study bias is likely to be more common in a cohort study that is retrospective especially if the cohort being studied is required to provide informed consent for participation (Gordis, 2014). This occurs because a retrospective cohort study usually starts after all the cases of a disease have occurred and the subjects may be aware of both the exposure they are in and the outcomes. Example; Consider an investigation that is hypothetical of an occupational exposure that was conducted 15-20 years ago in a factory. Over the years, there emerged some suspicion that working in the factory was greatly associated with some adverse health effects (Savitz Wellenius, 2016). Finally, a retrospective cohort study was carried out as indicated in the contingency table below; Unbiased data sickly Non-diseased overall exposure 1000 9000 10000 Not exposed 500 9500 10000 The above data is unbiased and its RR would be as follow; RR unbiased= [(1000/10000) / (500/10000)} =2.0 However, in cases where many of the old data records were lost but was given the suspicion of estimation and approximation, the accounts of the employees who were solvent but later had health problems are likely to be 99% retained(Wang, 2011). This would result to the data shown in the table below; Biased result sickly Non-diseased overall exposure 990 7200 8190 Not exposed 400 7600 8000 The biased RR would be ;={( 990/8190) / (400/6000)} =0.1209/0.05 or 2.42 From the above, we can confidently say that loss record results in over estimation and selection bias in a case study. Yes. Loss of data and records results in overestimation and selection bias depending on the scenario of the cohort study. This type of bias mainly arises from retrospective cohort study. It might occur as a result of retention or loss of the study subject as these are related to both the outcome status and the exposure selection bias is likely to occur if the choice or selection of the exposed or the unexposed subject in a retrospective cohort study is in a way related to the outcome of the interest. We can relate this to question 4.The table given shows the relative risk before and after loss of data. From the above, the loss of record resulted in an over estimation and selection bias. Reference Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., KjellstroÃÅ'ˆm, T., World Health Organization. (2006). Basic epidemiology. Geneva: World Health Organization. Chan, S. G. (2008). Development of food frequency questionnaire and database for assessing soy isoflavone intake in the Chinese population. Coulston, A. M., Boushey, C., Ferruzzi, M. (2013). Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of disease. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. (2006). Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. Friis, R. H. (2010). Epidemiology 101. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gordis, L. (2014). Epidemiology. Lachin, J. M. (2014). Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Rom, W. N., Markowitz, S. (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Savitz, D. A., Wellenius, G. A. (2016). Interpreting epidemiologic evidence: Connecting research to applications. Wang, S. Q. (2011). Beating melanoma: A five-step survival guide. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

The Ugly American Complexity of International Affairs Essay Example

The Ugly American: Complexity of International Affairs Essay The Ugly American showed the reasons why American diplomacy was failing in Southeast Asia in the 1950s and the reasons why communism was succeeding. . Its lessons seem startlingly urgent today in light of the turmoil in Central America and in the Middle East. Whether the foreign policy errors this book dramatizes have been corrected is an important question, and one that can be usefully debated in the classroom. As a harbinger of the United States failure in Vietnam, The Ugly American seems a terribly prophetic book. How could the warnings Lederer and Burdick sounded have gone unheeded? An examination of their book shows us precisely how, for in The Ugly American knowledgeable and skillful executors of American foreign policy (those who believe that the things we do must be done in the real interest of the people whose friendship we neednot just in the interest of propaganda) are routinely replaced by those who know less, care less, and are eminently less qualified to serve those interests. The novel opens with one such individualthe Honorable Louis Sears, ambassador to the fictitious country of Sarkhan, a small underdeveloped nation in which communist and American interests are vying for supremacy. Sears has assumed his post as a political stopgap. Between three terms in the Senate and an anticipated federal judgeship with a long tenure, hes simply filling time in a cushy job with a large entertainment budget and lavish living conditions, in a country he had never heard of, serving people he thinks of as little monkeys. A caricature depicting Sears as a braying mule has appeared in a local Sarkhanese newspaper, making clear just how the American ambassador is perceived: Sears is the prototype of the ugly American. In contrast, the following chapter presents the Russian ambassador to Sarkhan, Louis Krupitzyn, a thorough professional whose two-year training period has included instruction in the language and the customs of the nation he has been sent to serve in. His en tire staff is fluent in Sarkhanese and in the cultural nuances which distinguish the Sarkhanese people. The Soviet ambassador molds himself into this pattern of the ideal Sarkhan. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly American: Complexity of International Affairs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly American: Complexity of International Affairs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Ugly American: Complexity of International Affairs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He diets, losing forty pounds; he studies ballet, reads Sarkhanese literature and drama, and becomes a skillful nose flute playerall as a prelude to effective diplomacy. Equipped with his countrys long-range political goals for Sarkhan and a clear strategy, the ambassador is able to take actions designed to promote the communist interest in Sarkhan in many ways, not the least of which are the small ways, which include educating the population by degrees. In addition, Krupitzyn instigates deliberate acts of espionage designed to further strengthen the communist position. For example, a Russian informer planted at an American embassy as translator supplies key information about an American rice shipment which the Russians are able to use for their own political advantage. Where the American ambassador is crude and bumbling, the Russian is refined and skillful. This theme is echoed over and over in The Ugly American in reference to Burma, Ceylon, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Philippinesall the countries the novel examines. Still, there are individuals who do not fall into the model of the ugly American. These are tough, hardworking Americans with a strong sense of human decency and an innate understanding of how to help people. These individuals are able to win friends for America at the same time that they help improve the living conditions of those who desperately need it. It is not the infusion of big American dollars and the establishment of big American projects that these nations need, the authors examples assert, but individuals who contribute their skills to help the citizens of underdeveloped nations with problems they themselves have identified. In the book these individuals include: Father Finian, the Jesuit priest who enables the anticommunist groups of Burma to understand and to counter the tactics of those communists who are threatening to take control of their land John Cowlin, the American dairy farmer who sees how the introduction of milk into the economy of Sarkhan can turn its failures around Edward Hillandale, the Air Force colonel whose enthusiasm for all things Filipino convince the people of a small province that Americans are not all crude and contemptuous and rich, thereby influencing a crucial election Tom Knox, an American economic consultant and assionate chicken farmer who shows the Cambodians how to turn scrawny chickens into fat, lucrative ones Homer Atkins, field engineer in Vietnam whose ingenious water pump serves as the basis as a small nonprofit industry for the struggling farmers in the dry provinces. The lesson is clear. These decent Americans who remain close to the people of the countries they a re working in are also Americas best ambassadors. In fact, three years after this books initial publication, John F. Kennedy established the Peace Corps, whose philosophy and methods closely parallel the model of small-scale, people-oriented assistance Lederer and Burdick depict in The Ugly American. But individual Americans cannot match the communist effort to dominate in underdeveloped nations, the book warns. All the good they do is easily undermined by the failures of high-level diplomats and the absence of a clear strategy for dealing with the problems these nations face. If the blundering Ambassador Sears and his counterpart and eventual successor in Sarkhan, Joe Bing, create hostility rather than friendship for America, Ambassador MacWhite, who serves between them, is an example of a man who can reverse this process through genuine concern for the population and a set of coherent principles designed to address Sarkhans most pressing problemsunderdevelopment, poverty, and the threat of communism. In MacWhite we have the example of the ideal ambassador: respectful of the culture and customs of his country, sensitive to the need for training on the part of all diplomatic personnel, learned in communist literature and the methodology which underlies the communist attempts to gain power in poor nations. In order to help prevent similar situations in his country, MacWhite goes to observe firsthand the mistakes of the French military in Vietnam. He dissects the failures they made at the battle for Dien Bien Phu and studies communist strategy and Vietnamese terrain in order to understand these mistakes. Then he reports his findings to the senior French military command and their American advisors. Since December of 1946 the French have been fighting a war which has been maneuvered by the Communists precisely along the lines which Mao outlined in this pamphlet. You are a military manyou will please excuse my bluntnessbut you made every mistake Mao wanted you to. You ignored his every lesson for fighting on this type of terrain. You neglected to get the political and economic cooperation of the Vietnamese, even though Mao proved long ago that Asians will not fight otherwise The French commander replies: If you are suggesting, Ambassador MacWhite, that the nation which produced Napoleon now has to go to a primitive Chinese for military instruction, I can tell you that you are not only making a mistake, youre being insulting. A report submitted to the United States Senate is similarly handled. The report is contradicted by the testimony of an American senator who has spent a brief week touring Vietnam. The authors describe the weeks tour as being carefully orchestrated by American embassy officials determined not to allow the senator to see how badly things are going both militarily and in terms of the French and American attempt to win friends in Vietnam for the West. The Senates dismissal of MacWhites report on conditions in Vietnam and the Foreign Office dismissal of MacWhite himself as ambassador to Sarkhan point to American foreign policy failures as serious as the absence of careful selection and training of its diplomatic personnel. In the end, another ugly American replaces MacWhite in Sarkhan. As for the failure of America to learn from the mistakes of the French, that is not fiction; it is history. By exposing the ineptitude of those who shape foreign policy, Lederer and Burdick point out the way costly mistakes are madecostly in terms of United Sates influence in the world, even more costly in terms of the fate of the citizens whose lives and well-being are at stake. This is a book that is certain to deepen students understanding of the complexity of international affairs. Its terse, episodic style and its many portraits of individuals engaged in the process of diplomacy give readers an important sense of the dimensions of the problems which receive such cursory treatment on the nightly news. The Ugly American is mandatory reading for the citizens of a participatory democracy, in terms of understanding the mistake of the past and in order to prevent their repetition in the future.