Technological Diffusion during the European Renaissance free essay sample

The developments examined here speak to insurgencies in fighting, society, and workmanship that saw a quick dissemination through the social orders of Europe during the renaissance for differing reasons. Regardless of whether for endurance, monetary increase, or tasteful joy they were in the end grasped all through Europe setting out a portion of the bedrock that cutting edge western culture would be based on. The spread of guns all through renaissance Europe profoundly affected fighting. The development of the print machine in Europe would make multitudinous changes society boosting education rates and helping supporting the scholarly restoration of Europe. Oil painting methods turned out to be generally received framing the bases of Venetian style painting while likewise permitting canvases to get by to the current day as a result of expanded sturdiness. Our first case of mechanical dissemination is the gun whose imperative segment, explosive, advanced toward Europe at some point during the thirteenth century conceivably by means of Moorish Spain (LaRocca, Para 1). The Chinese additionally give off an impression of being the first to create black powder weapons with the most punctual realized reference starting in china during the twelfth century. The specific channels that brought this innovation from the Fareast are contested however what appears glaringly evident is that not at all like in China the entirety of the European rulers in the late fifteenth and mid sixteenth century understood the convenience of the new weapons (Sandberg, Para 4). Explosive weapons initially demonstrated their certain value to European rulers in the mid fourteenth century as the guns that helped the militaries of Mehmet II crush the beforehand secure dividers of Constantinople in 1453. In that equivalent year guns joined with earthen resistances helped the French to pulverize an English endeavor to retake Gascony at the Battle of Castillon (Blair, Martell and Roumas, 47). The historical backdrop of the dispersion of gun innovation all through Europe during the renaissance gives us a case of innovation that was spread by need. Guns permitted the armed forces of Mehmet II to penetrate the dividers of Constantinople and stop the multi year old Roman Empire. While simultaneously the protective capacities of firearm powdered weapons was demonstrated to the English at Castillon during a sad misfortune to the French that finished the Hundreds Years’ War. The most emotional case of this procedure I have found was during the attack of Pavia in 1525 when the French-Swiss powers were vanquished so unequivocally by harquebusiers ensured by pike men that the French soldiers traded the crossbows for guns after the fight (Brooks 64). For European states it was a need to receive guns or face their own decay and decimation notwithstanding an innovatively prevalent opponent. The renaissance additionally observed the innovation and spread of the print machine which has been hailed as one of the most significant creations throughout the entire existence of humanity. Albeit prior printing forms have been known in Asia Schlager and Lauer come to the meaningful conclusion, â€Å"[that] †¦it was the mechanical device created by Johannes Gutenberg (1398? - 1468) that introduced another time of correspondences and appreciation with expansive ramifications that keep on molding our reality and perception† (Para 1). The dissemination of the print machine was very quick with a print machine showing up in each significant European community inside fifty years of its development in Germany at some point during the 1430’s in any event, being brought to the New World by the Spanish in 1539 (Schlager Lauer Para 9). Nonetheless, dissimilar to the explosive weapons the spread of the print machine was not ordered for the prompt endurance of European forces. Rather the spread of Gutenberg’s print machine was fundamentally a lucrative endeavor that addressed the issue for another interest during the renaissance for works of writing. Truth be told the expanding moderateness and availability of books made another market among individuals who generally didn't approach them. The renaissance time frame additionally observed the expansion of oil painting which was advocated in Flanders by Jan Van Eyck in the mid fifteenth century. The strategy that was created by Van Eyck which included overwhelming layering of paint for dim hues and a lighter layering of paint for lighter hues permitting the white ground to appear on the other side. Eyck’s’ Technique was then moved to Italy by Antonello da Messina who acquired it to Venice 1475 most likely in the wake of taking in it from an understudy of Van Eyck (Hall Para 8). There were additionally reasonable advantages of utilizing oil as a coupling operator since it offered more noteworthy adaptability, wealth of shading, and adherence to help. Possibly for every one of these reasons oil painting was effectively moved all over Italy by painters vieing for the support of rich Italian urbanites. By the 1490’s it was the favored medium in Italy; the focal point of the European renaissance. The time of European history known as the renaissance saw the ascent of across the board development and advancement powered by political change, rediscovered information, and newly discovered riches among urban elites that supported such huge numbers of aesthetic endeavors. Gun innovation moved from China was quickly received by European forces and in the wake of being consummated demonstrated an important instrument of war that no European force could manage without. The Gutenberg print machine would immediately spread from Germany all over Europe to help the scholarly recharging while at the same time making a rising business sector for writing among the lower classes Europe. The oil painting method created by Flemish craftsman Van Eyck was conveyed to Italy where it before long turned into the favored medium and strategy. During a time, for example, the European renaissance that is characterized by advancement and innovation we can obviously observe the procedure of mechanical dispersion at work.

Team Dynamics for Managers

|[pic] |Course Design Guide | |College of Social Sciences | |PSY/430 Version 5 | |Team Dynamics for Managers |Copyright  © 2010, 2009, 2008, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001 by University of Phoenix. All rights saved. Course Description This course gives an investigation into how chiefs and representatives work in bunches for the fruition of authoritative destinations. Accentuation is set on the developing reliance on self-coordinated work groups in the work environment. This course furnishes understudy with the capacity to oversee work groups, work in groups effectively, and to acquire results by means of group elements. Also, impacts upon consumer loyalty are investigated. PoliciesFaculty and understudies/students will be considered liable for comprehension and sticking to all approaches contained inside the accompanying two records: †¢ University arrangements: You should be signed into the understudy site to see this report. †¢ Instructor arrangements: This record is posted in t he Course Materials gathering. College strategies are liable to change. Make certain to peruse the approaches toward the start of each class. Strategies might be marginally unique relying upon the methodology wherein you go to class. On the off chance that you have as of late changed modalities, read the strategies administering your present class methodology. Course Materials Engleberg, I. N. Wynn, D. R. (2010). Working in gatherings. (fifth ed. ). [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text] Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Recovered from University of Phoenix, PSY/430â€Team Dynamics for Managers Course site.. Every electronic material are accessible on the understudy site. |Week One: Effective Communication in Diverse Groups | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Explain the connection between bunch part assorted variety and correspondence style. | |Determine compelling utilization of verbal and nonverbal connection in gatherings. | |Describe the significance of tuning in and successful listening methods. | |Determine proper techniques for bunch help. | |Readings |Read Ch. 1 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 3 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 4 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 7 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 8 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | |Selection of Teammates |By Thursday, if it's not too much trouble let me know in your Individual gathering on the off chance that you could work with individuals |By Thursday of | |outside your time-zone. |Week One | |On Friday, I will post a note in the Main discussion with the names of the individuals in each group. | |Participation |Participate in class conversation. | |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to week by week conversation questions. |By Friday of the |2 | |first week. | |Article Review |Complete and Submit article audit to string in Main gathering for it. |By Sunday of the |3 | |first week. | |Search through the Electronic Resource Reading list comprising of articles from UOPX’s Online| | |Library. | |Share with your colleagues which article you intend to survey so every part audits a | |different article. | |Coordinate with partners so everybody in your group sums up an alternate article. | |Submit two aragraphs and a citation to the Main discussion in answer to the post I will be | |posting. | |In the primary passage, give a short rundown of the article. (100 to 150 words) Add an APA| | |citation. | |In the subsequent section, relate the data to your work, social, as well as home life. (100 | |to 150 words) | |For the citation from the article, clarify why you think it is a significant statement. 50 to 75| | |words) Add an APA reference. | |Provide an APA designed reference. | |Individual |Review the Working in Groups recordings situated on your understudy site. Pick three of the four|By Monday, the |8 | |Group Communica tion Video |videos to watch. a day ago of the | |Cases | |first week, | |Review the evaluating structure and utilize the example paper accommodated this task in the Course | |Materials discussion. | |Write a 200-to 300-word reaction to every video cut by addressing the accompanying inquiries. | |Choose one video that you will use to talk about the connection between bunch part diversity| | |and correspondence style. What decent variety existed in the gathering? How did this influence the gathering | |members' correspondence styles?Was decent variety a block to correspondence? Decide two | |communication techniques that could have been utilized to all the more likely encourage the gathering. | |Choose another video and depict the verbal and nonverbal collaboration among the individuals from | |the group.What were these cooperations imparting? Is it accurate to say that they were helping or thwarting the | |group process? Think of two specialized strategies that could have been utiliz ed to better | |facilitate the gathering. | |Watch the third video and decide the listening methods utilized by individuals from the gathering. | |Describe the significance of tuning in bunch correspondence and relate it to this situation. | |Were the listening procedures utilized in this circumstance powerful? If not, which successful | |techniques ought to have been utilized to more readily encourage the gathering procedure? | |Resources: Three Resources: (1) course reading, (2) one article from the Electronic Reserve | |Readings or another article in UOPX’s Online Library, and (3) some other asset | |article from UOPX’s Online Library. | |Format your paper as indicated by APA gauges. | |Include title-sheet, levels with subheadings, references, and references. | |Use test paper and audit evaluating structure; both gave in Course Materials gathering. | |Submit to the Assignment Section. | Week One Individual Participation (2)Discussion Questions (2) Article Review (3) Group Communication Video Cases (8) Individual Total: 15 |Week Two: Cohesion and Decision-Making | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | |Evaluate singular qualities that apply to the gathering procedure. | |Apply refereeing procedures to bunch clashes. | |Identify critical thinking procedures that encourage collective choice creation. | |Readings |Read Ch. 9 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 10 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read Ch. 1 of Working in Groups. | |Readings |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | |Participation |Participate in class conversation. | |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to week after week conversation questions. |By Friday of the |2 | |second week | |Individual |See depiction in Week One. By Friday of the |3 | |Article Review | |second week | |Individual |This two-section task empowers you to think about your individual qualities and | |Rough Draft |problem-explaining abilities as they apply to the gathering procedure and dyn amic. |5 | |Individual Strengths and |Review the evaluating structure and utilize the example paper accommodated this task in the Course | |Problem-Solving Techniques |Materials discussion. | |paper | |Prepare a 1,050-to 1,750-word paper designed by APA guidelines.The paper must be| | |organized as per the accompanying classes: | |Part 1: Individual Strengths and the Group Process | |Describe a gathering setting or situation in which you have worked or of which you are | |currently a section. | |What are the qualities and abilities that you have brought to this gathering setting? How have they | |benefited the gathering? | |Are there any downsides your qualities and abilities have brought to the gathering? Depict how | |they have influenced the gathering. | |How have other gathering members’ qualities and abilities influenced the gathering procedure? | |What are a few aptitudes you could improve to encourage an increasingly compelling gathering condition? By what means can | |you improve these aptitudes? | |Part 2: Problem Solving Techniques and Group Decision Making | |What critical thinking methods do you know or use consistently? | |How do your procedures impact collective choices? | |What other critical thinking procedures would you be able to utilize when settling on collective choices? | |What would you be able to do to create or improve your critical thinking methods? | |Resources: Three Resources: (1) reading material, (2) one article from the Electronic Reserve | |Readings or another article in UOPX’s Online Library, and (3) some other asset | |article from UOPX’s Online Library. | |Format your paper as per APA principles. | |Include title-sheet, unique, levels with subheadings, references, and references. | |Use test paper and audit reviewing structure; both gave in Course Materials gathering. | |On the most recent day of the subsequent week, present a working draft of the Job Redesign and Workplace | |Rewards Assessment to the t hree auditing administrations in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE)| | |for assessment: (1) Write Point, (2) Tutor Review, and (3) Plagiarism Checker. | |On the most recent day of the subsequent week, give confirmation of your accommodation by making a Screen-Effort | |of the My Papers page demonstrating the accommodation to three looking into administrations. | |Submit the Screen-Shot to your Individual discussion. | |In the headline, type the words, â€Å"Screen-Shot. | |On the third day of the third week (Thursday), download every one of the three surveys. | |Write Point and Plagiarism Checker

Insider Report What Its Really Like Working in Finance and Accounting

Insider Report What It’s Really Like Working in Finance and Accounting Picking your future career is never easy and finding the right pick can be hard when you can’t know what to expect.But you are definitely doomed to pick the wrong career if you base your decision on industry hearsay and things you see in the movies.So, to ensure you know what it’s really like working in finance and accounting, check out this insider report into what jobs are on offer, what public perceptions get wrong about the job, how to get in the industry and the realities of working in finance and accounting.VARIETY OF ROLES IN THE FIELDIt’s first important to understand that working in finance and accounting doesn’t necessarily mean the same thing if you are an investment banker or a small business accountant.The sector of finance includes a number of different roles, with varying responsibilities and functions.In addition, the sector’s most popular jobs, accounting, is itself a field with plenty of employment opportunities.So, your experience of the sector will be di fferent depending on the actual job title you have.The variety in the finance and accounting sector can often depend on whether you work in the public or the private sector.Responsibilities, along with salary prospects, can be hugely different when you’re working for the government rather than a private business.In addition, finance and more specifically accounting jobs can differ when a different sector is involved. You could be an accountant for a fashion business or work as a financial adviser for a multi-national in the furniture industry.You’re not necessarily just working with numbers or dealing with the financial industry â€" you might find plenty of career opportunities that combine your passion for finance and another sector.To give you a better understanding of the roles available in the sector, here are a few example job titles in finance and accounting:Banker or a specialized investment bankerFinancial adviserAccounting technician or chartered accountantTax adviser o r tax inspectorStock broker or investment analystThe roles come in all sorts of specifications, but central to them is the focus on numbers.Most roles include the analysis and understanding of financial data and the use of financial theories in order to further a specific objective, for example.Furthermore, certain professions within the industry are more popular than others â€" chartered accountants are more in demand than forensic accountants, for example.THE GLAMOROUS IMAGE OF FINANCE AND ACCOUNTING JOBSWhen it comes to the industry, quite a few misconceptions and common beliefs exist that don’t always hold true.The public perception of the finance sector is that of excessiveness and greed.When we think about investment bankers and stockbrokers, we think these people are just drinking champagne all day and making money at the expense of other people.The industry is associated with fast money and fast cars â€" you spend a bit of time making deals and even more time on having fun .The negative image is not helped by the recent publicity. News of rogue traders and bankers who only looked after themselves were everywhere during the aftermath of the financial crash in 2008.On the other hand, our image of accounting professions isn’t much more flattering, although it is rather different.Instead of fast cars and women, we view accountants as bit of nerds â€" the job is thought to be highly boring and suitable for people who are obsessively interested in details and figures.Part of the public perception is down to how the industry is portrayed by popular culture. You can find plenty of accountants, bankers and the like in movies and books and the image is quite often similar to the above descriptions.If you want to know how popular culture perceives what it’s like working in finance and accounting, then you might want to check out the following films:Wolf of Wall Street â€" Based on a true story, the movie details the fast money attitude and its dangers rather well.Wall Street â€" Perhaps the most iconic finance film of all time, featuring Gorden Gekko (played by Michael Douglas) who makes his money through insider trading.Trading Places â€" A movie about two brothers who work as commodity future brokers who make a bet on whether a hustler on the street could work as a commodities broker.The Accountant â€" A Ben Affleck film in which the math genius suddenly ventures into the criminal underworld.Ghostbusters â€" Rick Moranis plays a geeky accountant that occasionally ends up locking himself out of the apartment.While the above movies are definitely entertaining and they do offer some interesting insights into the industry, the majority of finance and accounting roles don’t naturally offer such lifestyles.For more myth-busting, check out the short clip below: WHAT DOES IT ACTUALLY TAKE TO WORK IN THE INDUSTRY?So, what then is the industry like? To understand what it’s like working in finance and accounting, it’s a good idea to consi der how you can find yourself in the industry.The qualifications and the characteristics that excel in the field can tell a story of the real industry â€" if you know what it takes to get into the industry, you’ll know what to expect from the work as well.The qualificationsFinding a job in the financial sector is not that easy, even though there are plenty of job titles out there.Because of the earning potential, the industry is crowded with applicants and you often need to obtain good qualifications in order to be considered for positions.To improve your chances of landing a job in finance and accounting, you should consider a degree in mathematical sciences.This includes degrees in either Maths or Economics. An undergraduate degree is enough for most graduate roles, but you can improve your chances of high-earning jobs with a master’s degree.Furthermore, you could also enter the finance sector with a business degree, such as a degree in business administration.Overall, you do often need a university degree of some sort in order to get your foot in the door.However, most titles might also require you to opt for a more narrower and field-specific degrees or qualifications.This is especially the case in accounting where a degree in accounting is usually required. Furthermore, if you want to work as a business accountant, you must have the right qualifications to practice the profession. These can be country-specific.For example, in the US, chartered accountants need to be officially certified by  the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.These sorts of qualifications are not just for accountants. Financial advisers in the UK can obtain the Certified Financial Planning certification (CFP), which allows them to work in the field.The characteristicsAside from the official qualifications, the industry does call for a certain kind of character. Just as you probably aren’t going to be a professional athlete if you’re not at all interested in athl etics, there are certain personalities that thrive in the finance and accounting sector.If the daily requirements were to call for four key characteristics, these would be the following for finance and accounting:Attention to detailYou need a good attention to detail if you want to work in the sector.Since you are often dealing with large datasets and numbers, you need to be able to notice the differences or the important figures without a problem.For example, as an accountant, you must make sure the numbers add up and that every detail is aligned with the information and the legal requirements.The same helps in professions such as being a financial adviser â€" you must be able to spot the little things that can make a difference in the person’s finances.Good numerical and logic skillsOf course, since you are dealing with numbers all day long in almost every finance and accounting job, you must have good numerical skills.You definitely don’t want calculations to cause you too mu ch trouble. Above all, you need to be able to think logically.Numbers don’t lie â€" you need to be able to approach then rationally and with a good sense of how they work. You need to make decisions based on logic not feelings.Communication skillsFinance and accounting jobs are also not as lonely as you might think.You aren’t going to just sit in the office by yourself crunching numbers â€" you often need to talk to clients and therefore, communication skills are an important part of making it in the industry.You need listening skills to learn more about what your customer wants, as well as to get the real picture of the business’ finances, for example.Furthermore, since you might be communicating complex issues to the client (who might not have the same understanding of finances), you need to have the ability to do this in a professional and easy-to-understand manner.Ability to adapt quicklyIf there’s one thing to know about working in finance and accounting it’s that thi ngs change.The industry is full of rules and regulations and these are not static â€" you will need to be able to adapt to things quickly.Not only does this mean you must be interested in developing your skills further, but you also have to be able to adapt to new ways of doing things quickly.The industry doesn’t allow a lot of second-guessing â€" you are either in or you’re out. FIVE CORE REALITIES OF WORKING IN FINANCE AND ACCOUNTINGNow that you know what to expect in terms of getting into the industry, it’s time to turn your attention to what it’s like working in finance and accounting.Here are the five core realities you should keep in mind before entering the industry.A lot of workThe most important thing to understand about working in finance and accounting is that it isn’t plain sailing.Yes, the financial rewards might be rather lucrative, but the workload is definitely not small. You will have to work a lot in order to progress in the career and your workdays can r un a lot longer than in your average nine-to-five job.Consider, for example, Sarah Knight and her workday, which on a typical day starts at 4 am. Knight, who works as a managing director of taxation in a large accounting firm, told Business Insider she starts her day by dealing with the toughest tasks at 4 am in the morning (when most are still tucked tightly in bed!).And the end of her typical day?She usually stops working at 6 pm.Tough competitionAnother essential feature of the industry is the competitive nature of the job.Since you have high graduate rates, you first need to compete with other qualified graduates for the roles.Even though there’s plenty of demand out there, you simply can’t expect to walk into your ideal role without proving your capabilities.More importantly, the competition doesn’t stop once you get the job. Accounting firms, financial firms and others are in tough competition with each other.Clients want the best for their money, which means you need to be the best at what you do to stay on top. The cutthroat image the industry sometimes has on popular culture is not completely made-up.Constant changeAs I mentioned above, the industry is going through many changes all the time.Accounting procedures might change every year and the financial sector has to adapt to new regulations.For example, the European Union has proposed over 40 legislative and non-legislative changes to the financial sector since the global financial crisis in 2008.Keeping up with all of these is an important part of the job â€" you can’t just focus on the project at hand or dealing with your clients, you also need to keep an eye on the industry as a whole.Flexible work environmentYou can also expect a relatively flexible work environment when you work in the industry.This is especially the case for self-employed accountants or financial advisers â€" you can build your working hours according to you and your clients’ demands.Furthermore, you can structure yo ur day rather freely, prioritizing the tasks according to the day’s specific agenda.Some days you might spend more time talking with customers, while other days your work might be more focused on the administrative side of things.Michael Solari, a certified financial planner, told Business Insider that he values the opportunity to work with a flexible schedule having been tied to a strict office schedule in his previous role. “Now, I stop when I’m done. I work when I’m up for it.Sometimes that can be late at night or on weekends, but it’s on my own terms,” he said.A good earning potentialWhat about the money?While you should never pick a profession solely based on its earning potential, you also shouldn’t venture into a sector blindfolded in terms of what you can expect to earn.In the finance and accounting sector, the popular image of healthy earnings is definitely not a total misrepresentation, even though it is a bit of overstated at times.Finance and accounting job s are among the best-earning jobs in the world â€" both in terms of starting salaries and the top-end roles.Perhaps more importantly, data points to a healthy salary growth in the sector in the future.The US Bureau of Labor Statistics outlined in their 2016-2017 Occupational Outlook Handbook how the job outlook through 2024 in many finance and accounting jobs is expected to grow faster than the average salary growth for all industries.According to the data, the salary for the following roles would grow as follows:Financial manager, 7%Personal financial adviser, 30%Financial analyst, 12%Furthermore, in a separate study by the Association for Financial Professionals, accountants were found to have almost half smaller rate of unemployment to the national average, meaning the industry has good hiring rate.Let’s look at some of the earning figures in the sector. The average salaries in the following finance and accounting roles are:Certified Public Accountant (CPA) in the US $62,000Fi nancial Manager in the US $115,000Personal Financial Adviser in the US $81,000In terms of starting salaries, you can expect to earn the following:Accounting graduate in the US $54,000Finance graduate in the US $57,000Both figures are above the average graduate starting salary, which in 2016 â€" according to the National Association of Colleges and Employees â€" stood at $50,556.More information about the above figures and salaries in finance and accounting can be found here, here, here and here.THE BOTTOM LINE OF WORKING IN FINANCE AND ACCOUNTINGThe answer to the question “what it’s really like working in finance and accounting” is two-fold.First, it’s not really anything like you see on TV and the movies. Finance is not just about fast money and champagne, but hard work and long days.Accounting, on the other hand, is definitely not as boring or geeky as you might think.You can specialize in different fields and the changing financial environment means you constantly nee d to keep up with new developments.However, the industry does also offer plenty of financial rewards to those who are willing to put in the effort and survive in the competitive world of finance and accounting.

What Do We Know About Electoral College - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 671 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Electoral College Essay Did you like this example? The electoral college is a disaster for a democracy, tweeted none other than Donald J. Trump on November 6th, 2012. Six years later, this disaster of a system helped him win the presidency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Do We Know About Electoral College?" essay for you Create order The following months saw recounts, protests, and anger, as many Americans, especially Democrats, were upset and incredulous that Trump became president, despite Clinton winning almost three million more votes. This is not the first time a president has lost the popular vote but still won the electoral votes; Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, and George W. Bush were all elected under the same circumstances. Nonetheless, this seemingly unprecedented event provoked Hillary Clinton to call for the Electoral College to be eliminated. Both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton were wrong; the Electoral College is an important system to our great republic that should not be abolished in favor of a popular vote system. It is important to understand the constitutional and philosophical basis for the Electoral College in order to realize its true purpose. As shown in the Federalist Papers, the Founding Fathers were afraid of pure democracy, which in past cases, devolved into tyranny of the majority, in which as small as 51% of the population could democratically oppress the minority (Madison 10). The Electoral College, as well as various other aspects of our government, was created to prevent that from happening. A candidate has to represent the interests of many different kinds of people The Electoral College is necessary because of differences in voter turnout state by state due to various factors that make it easier or harder to vote. According to a political science study done by Northern Illinois University, Jacksonville University, and Wuhan University, there is a vast difference in voter turnout due to different voter laws in different states. The study shows Oregon, Colorado, and California as the easiest states to vote, and Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas as the most difficult to vote based on restrictive voter laws. Other factors that could determine voting opportunity include distance to nearest polling place, cost per voter, or weather on election day. A snowfall in Maine would decrease the overall vote for that state compared to Florida. Voters in rural Montana may have to travel hours to the nearest polling station compared to New Yorkers who can walk two blocks to vote. A convicted felon may be eligible to vote in one state but not another. In a popula r vote system, states with factors that make it easier to vote will dominate the popular vote, but states that have factors that decrease voter turnout will suffer. A candidate may win an entire election based on which states are easier to vote in rather than the overall will of the people. The Electoral College deals with this issue by granting electoral votes based on overall state population, not voter turnout. Many opponents of the Electoral College are troubled that an elector can legally change his vote and go against which candidate was most popular in the electorrs state. I completely agree, which is why I am glad that electors are appointed by the party that won the state and almost never go against their pledge to support the candidate of their party. However, one assertion these protesters make that I disagree with is the claim that candidates only have to represent swing states in order to win. This conveniently ignores the fact that the way states vote changes greatly over time. California, which is now a deep blue state, voted Republican for six elections straight until it flipped blue in 1992. Virginia also voted Republican for ten straight elections until it flipped and became a purple state in 2008, and is turning bluer and bluer due to the greater appeal of Democrats than Republicans. A political party cannot just ignore their safe states in favor of swing states, or they wil l lose it sometime in the near future. This is why Hillary Clinton lost Wisconsin, a consistently blue state, after neglecting to campaign there in the fall of 2016, and instead visited swing states.

President Richard Nixon The United State - 1720 Words

On June 17, 1971, President Richard Nixon, addressed the United States of America and its congress, detailing his plans to stem drug abuse in the United State. He declared it â€Å"America’s public enemy number one†, saying that â€Å"In New York City more people between the ages of 15 and 35 years of age die as a result of narcotics than from any other single cause†. Less than a year prior to his speech, congress had passed into legislation a bill that called for a comprehensive reform of the country’s current drug laws. Still, Nixon felt that the nation needed more as the current drug policies were not enough to eliminate drug abuse. He went on to propose many ideas for what he called â€Å"a full-scale attack on the problem of drug abuse in†¦show more content†¦Strict prohibition needs to end, and we need to adopt a more lax policy like decriminalization or legalization. These have been both shown to help in fixing the aforementioned problems that the United States currently faces because of the war on drugs. The war on drugs has cost our government a vast amount of money that could be better spent elsewhere. In fiscal year 2013 alone, the United States government spent $25.6 billion in an effort to prevent drug use and its consequences. This was $415.3 million (1.6%) increase from the previous year. [1] This indicates that our government has no intentions of backing off of their drug stance any time soon. Overall, the national drug control budget costs the government more than the state, commerce, and interior departments combined. In addition, large number of drug-related trials clog our nation’s criminal justice courts, and often times the result of these cases is imprisonment for the accused. Since the start of the war on drugs, the country’s incarcerated population has increased sevenfold, and over one percent of the population now resides in a prison. [3] There are currently more people behind bars for drug charges today than there were people behind bars for any reas on in 1980. [2] Keeping all of these prisoners incarcerated costs

Chaucer on marriage Free Essays

Chaucer looks at male and female perspectives on marriage and shows the entire institution to be a farce, stereotyped by wealthy, flaccid old men and young, beautiful, deceitful wives. January, the old man in the merchant’s tale, says â€Å"wedlock is so easy and so cline† (1264), which is sarcastic as the merchant has already spoken out against marriage, and women in particular. Yet January’s motivations to get married are hardly pure, but more practical and shallow. We will write a custom essay sample on Chaucer on marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now For â€Å"sixty year a waffles man was heel and followed ay his bodily delete/ on women† (1248-50); after sixty years of fooling around with numerous women, he is ready to have a wife â€Å"on which he mighty engender hymn an heir† (1272). Rather than choosing a wife who is wise and loving and would care for him in his old age and sickness, he makes his decision as if he were choosing livestock, saying â€Å"l wool noon Old ‘. Nary Han†¦ / she shall Nat passe twenty year†¦ /and bet than old beef is the tender feel† (1416-20). What is ironic is that January sees this way of approaching marriage as pure because it was so normal and standard. The purity of marriage would come if it were based on love and mutual respect, but instead for most men it is about having an heir and a beautiful wife. January can’t see that he’s leaving himself vulnerable to a young wife that will be deceitful and seek pleasure from younger more attractive men, instead thinking he can â€Å"a young thing may men gee,/ right as men may warm hex with handed Pyle† (1429-30). In the wife’s tale, she shows that old men cannot actually mold their young wives into good, loving creatures. Although the wife of Bath â€Å"sits [she] twelve year was of age†¦ ‘ housebound at creche door [she has] had five† (4-6), she is no innocent. She manipulates and terrorizes her old husbands with her sexuality to gain money and control, until they are her â€Å"[detours] and†¦ [thralls]† (155). She ends up molding her old husbands to her will. For her a husband is a source of income, and she always sakes sure she has one lined up on the sidelines. She had her fifth husband ready to marry her by the time her â€Å"fourth housebound was on beer† (587), and she â€Å"wept but small’ (592), being already â€Å"purveyed of a make† (591). Even though the fifth husband that she takes is younger than her and she is now in the old man’s position, she is still able to control her young husband to a certain degree, although it is much harder. It seems like an innate ability that women have to control their cabanas because its more than a survival method, but a way to find pleasure despite being in a technically submissive role. But a true marriage shouldn’t be about control. This is what makes marriage such a Joke to Chaucer, and he is very cynical towards it. The tradition and sanctity of marriage means nothing because it is based on a foundation of lying and shallowness. Men and women conform to their stereotypes because of how society has shaped them and made marriage such a necessity. How to cite Chaucer on marriage, Papers

Penguins (3059 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (3059 words) Essay PenguinsThe signature Species of the Southern Hemisphere (Antarctica) the mascot if you will is the penguin. There are not one and no fewer than seventeen species of penguins. Penguins are flightless birds in which several factors are contributing to the reduction of the penguin population. These contributing factors are both man-made and naturally occurring. ?The origin of the word ?penguin? has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Researchers and historians theories range from reference to the amount of fat (penguigo in Spanish and pinguis in Latin) penguins possess to the claim that the word was derived from two Welsh words meaning ?white head.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987) Penguins are comical and funny birds. Blue/black on the upper half of their body and white on the lower half, they look as though they are all dressed up for a formal dinner or show but have no place to go! Penguins are flightless birds, which have adapted to living in the cooler waters of the Southern Hemisphere. They generally live on islands and remote continental regions that are free of land predators. Their inability to fly has been detrimental to their survival on land. Some species of penguins spend as much as 75% of their lives in the ocean, yet they all breed on land or sea ice attached to land. The seventeen species found today are thought to have evolved from flying birds more than forty million years ago. To date, the discovery of all penguin fossil fragments has been limited to the Southern Hemisphere. ?Records show that prehistoric penguins were found within the range of present-day penguins.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987)All penguins have a very similar torpedo-shaped body form, which is conducive for swimming. They have a large head and a short neck with an elongated body. Penguin species vary greatly in size. For example, the Emperor penguin is the largest of the penguin species, standing 3.7 feet and weighing between sixty and ninety pounds. The smallest penguin in the species is the Fairy penguin, standing only sixteen inches and weighs less than 3 pounds. Penguins wings are highly modified to form a stiff paddle-like flipper used for swimming. ?Each flipper is covered with short, scale like feathers. The long wing feathers typical of most birds would be too flexible for swimming through water.? (Sparks and Soper, 1 987) A penguins tail is short and wedged shaped with fourteen to eighteen stiff tail feathers. The legs and webbed feet with visible claws on a penguin are set back on the body so that when on land, the penguin is able to stand. ?Penguins walk with short steps or hops, sometimes using their bills or tails to assist themselves on steep climbs.? (del Hoyo, et al., 1992) When in the ocean swimming, penguins use their feet and short stubby tail as a rudder to guide them through the water. Penguins bones are solid and heavy which help them to remain submerged to reduce the energy that they need for diving. Penguins are able to withstand the extreme cold because of the insulation provided by their feathers. Feathers are highly specialized, broad and closely spaced helping to keep water away from the penguins body. Penguins have more feathers than most birds, having about seventy feathers per square inch on their body. Most penguin species goes through one complete molting cycle per year, which usually happens after breeding season. ?The exception to this is the Galapagos penguin which annually go through 2 molts.? (del Hoyo, et al., 1992) For penguins, molting is a very important process because feathers wear out when penguins come in contact with each other, as well as with the ground and water. The molting period varies between one species to another. Usually the time period is anywhere from thirteen to thirty-four days. Regular preening of the feathers is essential as penguins obtain oil from their tails to coat their feathers for waterproofing. Penguins in warmer temperate zones have a thinner plumage of feathers and fat layer than their counterparts of the polar species. To keep warm in near freezing waters, penguins have a highly developed heat exchanged system of blood vessels in the flippers and legs which helps the heat loss at the core of the body. To avoid heat loss in a penguins body, the penguin has 2 internal temperatures. A penguin has a normal body temperature and a temperature of the environment close to the limbs of the body. Tropical penguins can overheat very easily; so in order for them to lose the body heat, they usually use their flippers to get rid of excess heat. They also have bigger flippers than their polar penguin ancestors. Penguins communicate with each other by different ritual behaviors such as head and flipper waving, calling, bowing, gesturing and preening. Penguins c ommunicate by ?displays? or vocalization and performing physical behavior. ?They use many vocal and visual displays to communicate nesting and territories along with mating information. They also use displays in partner and chick recognition, and defense of intruders.? (Sparks and Soper, 1987) Territorial disputes can lead to aggressive postures such as stares, pointing and even charging each other. Also during courtship and mating, other rituals are included which are called ecstatic displays. In these particular displays, an unattached male penguin will pump his chest several times, stretch his head upwards and move his flippers about away from his body. During this display, the male penguin also emits a loud harsh sound. In doing this, other male penguins in the colony begin to exhibit the same behavior which in turn begins the breeding cycle within the colony. When breeding occurs, one is unable to distinguish male and female penguins because they are not sexually dimorphic. The re is one particular penguin that one can be told apart called the Crested penguin. Other ways of telling which penguin is male or female is that males are usually more robust and have larger bills. Also during mating season, female penguins are identifiable by muddy footprints left behind by males during mating activity. Acid Rain EssayThe dumping of garbage and trash in the ocean affects all kinds of marine life including the penguins. Penguins have been found tangled in debris, which causes death or serious injury. In addition to trash dumping, oil dumping also poses a great threat to the penguin population. When their feathers are tainted with oil, weatherproofing is reduced and their insulation fails. They are then at great risk of hypothermia. In addition, when trying to preen their feathers; they can ingest oil, which poisons them and causes their internal organs to fail. Although oil spill disasters such as the Exxon Valdez spill off the coast of Alaska had a devastating affect on the population, oil also enters into the waters via ship sludge and residue. Facilities are available for ships too properly dispose of their sludge and residue; however, unfortunately these facilities may not be utilized as it may be cost prohibitive and therefore, illegal dumping is then opted. The dumping of oil waste is permitted; however, the rate must be 15 parts of oil to a million parts of water. This formula is not followed as the risk of being caught is so small compared to the cost of the mixing of the formula. Oil also enters into the marine habitat through land run-off. ?The U.S. Academy of Sciences estimated in 1990 that 37% of oil pollution of the worlds marine environment enters the sea from the land. Other sources estimate that 45% comes from shipping (12.5% from tanker accidents); 9% from the atmosphere, 7.7% from natural sources and 1.5% from offshore oil exploration and production.? (Environmental News Network). In conclusion, the responsibility for the future existence of the penguin population lies mainly with the human race. Our ability to cause changes in climate snowballs thus creating changes in global and local patterns of ocean productivity. We have altered, and continue to alter, the natural environment and habitat of these wonderful creatures. Historically, the direct exploitation of penguins by humans created a huge risk to their survival. Currently, as humans create more creative uses for penguins and their skins, we pose a greater risk of impacting their existence. The ability to control and monitor the use of these animals is complex and difficult. The need for protecting marine habitats for all kinds of marine life has become serious. We have the ability to cause the extinction of far too many creatures. As of December 4, 1998, a number of conservation groups gathered and formulated a report on the penguin population. They believe that 9 penguin species should have been endang ered or were close to being endangered, and 2 more species close to being threatened. Previously, only 5 of the total seventeen penguin species were considered threatened. Based on the above-referenced conservation groups statistics, more than 50% of penguin species may be close to endangered. If we do not take an active stand on the protection of these amazing birds, we stand a chance of creating yet another ?dinosaur,? available to our children only through history and science books. Science Essays

A Review of Things Fall Apart essays

A Review of Things Fall Apart essays I really enjoyed reading the book Things Fall Apart. Achebe did an excellent job of portraying the pre-colonial culture of the Ibo. This book was not only educational, but entertaining as well. His ability to focus mainly on one individual and still show the complexity of the entire clans beliefs and self-governing tactics was incredible. It is hard to believe that he was able to show us so many aspects of the pre-colonial culture in so few pages. This book definitely left me wanting to learn more about their culture. Some of the areas, I feel, really stood out to show they were a civilized people included their social organization, their economic system, and their religious beliefs. The Ibo seemed to have a very structured social order. Everything from the way one attains status in the village to the way the people receive their guests leads me to believe this. The use of titles in the village to determine status demonstrates that they had a hierarchy of sorts in place, much like we have judges, mayors, senators, and a president. For instance, the egwugwu acted as judges by passing sentence in disputes between the people. Their use of titles also seemed to make up a sort of government. Along the same lines, the way they interacted shows that they were a civil people. They seemed to try to settle everything peaceably, if at all possible. As Achebe pointed out, they believed that a war of blame was an unjust thing. Also, the way they interacted between each other leads me to believe they were not the savages the English had thought. The sharing of the kola nut and palm wine between neighbors shows a mutual respect for each other. They seemed to have a deep feeling of kinship not only among their families, but with the clan as a whole as well. Although it may be considered somewhat primitive by English standards, the Ibo had an existing economic system as well. Their economy was...

Emphysema essays

Emphysema essays Emphysema or COPD, chronic obstruction pulmonary disease, is the destruction of the alveoli in the lungs where the gas transfer takes place. The bronchioles distribute the air throughout the lung to the individual alveoli. Once damaged, the bronchioles tend to collapse, trapping stale air in the isolated sacs and no longer transmitting fresh air. As the alveoli are destroyed, more and more air is required to provide a sufficient amount of oxygen. This need for more air eventually leads to lung overinflation. The lungs gradually enlarge, completely filling the chest cavity and causing a sense of shortness of breath, one of the most common symptoms. The other most common symptom is coughing. Other symptoms may include insomnia, weight loss, memory loss, morning headaches, blurred vision, chronic fatigue, impaired concentration, and swelling of feet and ankles. More than 80% of all emphysema is directly related to smoking. Tars, smoke, and toxic chemicals added by tobacco compa nies, combine to block the production of apha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), leading to the destruction of the elastic fibers of the alveoli. There is also a genetic form of emphysema not related to smoking. It is due to an AAT defiency that leads to A1AP-related emphysema. The liver produces insufficient AAT to control an enzyme known as neutrophil-elastase. Though this enzyme plays an important role in fighting bacteria and cleaning up dead lung tissue, it eventually causes irreversible damage to the alveoli by damaging their elastic fibers. Diagnosis may involve a chest x-ray or a series of other respiratory tests. Sometimes the doctor may tap on the chest while listening with a stethoscope; it will result in a hollow sound because of the destroyed alveoli. The goal of treatment is to provide relief of symptoms and prevent progression. Advice from the doctor may include, quitting smoking, bronchodilator drugs which relax and open air passages in ...

Aravind eye care system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Aravind eye care system - Case Study Example For the rest, affordable eye care is provided. Surgeries on cataracts form approximately 70 percent of all operations. The Aravind Eye care Hospital exists as an ophthalmological hospital which currently has various locations and branches in India. Through creativity and innovation, Dr. Govindappa Venkatawamy founded this hospital in 1976. Since that time, it has grown and expanded into a network of several eye hospitals. This has seen a total of approximately 32 million patients in record 36 years and has also performed approximately 4 million eye surgeries, majority of these being very cheap or even free. Many people all over the world have congratulated the model and the services offered by the Aravind Eye Care hospitals and it has become a point of reference for various case studies (Center for Health Market Innovations). Innovation generally means creating more efficient and effective products, services, ideas and processes which increases the possibility of business or a venture succeeding. Ventures that are innovative create more effective work processes and experience better performance and productivity. Innovation could mean executing new ideas, creation of dynamic products and services or just improving on the existing goods and services. Innovation has been attributed as a catalyst for the fast growth and success of Aravind Eye care Hospital and has helped it to grow in the marketplace (Salge & Vera 2009, 67). Being innovative does not necessarily mean inventing new things; innovation could mean changing the business model and adapting to new changes in the environment so as to deliver better and improved products, services and ideas. Successful innovation ought to be an in-built part of the business strategy, where culture of innovation is developed, experience innovative thinking and the development of

Structural analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Structural analysis - Essay Example Assuming the average mass of adult to be 70 kilograms. Therefore, his weight shall be given by Weight= mass* acceleration due to gravity Weight= 70Kg*9.8N/Kg =686N The system is designed to carry three adults but the distance from each one is not specified .Therefore I treat their net weight to acting on the beam as a load equally distributed at 7.5 cm from end R1 indicated by force F1 which is technically equal to F2. Force F1 is given by; [? (the average weight of the three adults)] ? 2 (686?3) N ?2=1029 N Shear forces at the extreme ends of the beam are equal to the opposite reaction forces. The shear forces at any point on the beam is calculatable by using the formula F(x) = Rl –qx= qL/2 –qx= q [L/2 -x] whereby x is the distance from the left end of the beam, L the length of the entire beam and q the load on the beam F (0.075) =1029[1.8?2-0.075] = 848.925 The shearing force (SF) within any given party of the beam illustrates the tendency for the section of the beam on either side of the cross-section to slide or shear laterally in relation to other ends. The diagram shows the sitting beam in which the weights are distributed across it. The three adults will be assumed to be of load W1, W2, and W3 W1 W2 W3 The swing is supported on both ends by the other beams placed vertically to the sitting beam. The two ends in which the beam is supported is of reaction R1 and R2. Assuming the beam is split into two sections at point p. the resultant of the loads, reaction acting on the left of point p is F vertically upwards, and because the entire beam is uniform, the resultant force to the right of P should be F downwards. In this case, F is refers to the shearing force at the reaction P. usually the shearing force at any given part of the beam gives the algebraic sum of the lateral elements of the forces acting on each part of the beam. For bending moments, in the same approach it may that when the bending moments (BM) of the forces acting to the left pa rt of point P are clockwise then the bending moments of the forces on the right side should be in anticlockwise direction as indicated. Bending moment at given point is stated as the algebraic total of moments about a part of the entire forces acting in opposite directions. In a swing the bending moments are taken to be positive because when three adults sits on it, the total weights acts downwards and this is balance by the upward force from the two support chains on either side of the beam. The adults force gives the beam a clockwise push while the side chains give it an anticlockwise force. The results of this system are known as a sagging bending moment because it attempts to make the beam concave at the center. Fixing moments has to be determined in this system and work on the types of loads acting on it. It is also necessary to note that it is not possible to achieve a faultless fixing moment or the joining moment used will be associated to the angular movement of the supporti ng or reaction forces. Assuming that the adults sit adjacent to one another at point x of the beam We will let the shearing force at point X be F and at x = dx be F + dF. Equivalently, the bending moment is at M at x and M + dM at x + dx. Taking w as the mean estimate of loading of the beam length, the sum load is wdx,

Research Culture In Pakistani Universities

Research Culture In Pakistani Universities Research plays an important role in the development of nations. Countries which provide the basic and quality education to their citizens are known for their ethical and social values and also excel in the field of science and technology. People living in these countries are habitual of asking questions, making hypothesis and testify them for the sake of better living life. We are living in a nation that is surrounded by many internal and external problems and how to get out of this critical situation is still a question. Universities, though, can be of vital help to improve the prevailing situation as usually universities are the centers where intellectuals and thinkers are produced. These intellectuals, with aid of researching tool can pull the nation upward from the fall. The paper aims to discover and analyse the current situation of research culture in Pakistani universities. The extent of research culture in Pakistani universities is discovered through quantitative research wit h the sample size of 150 students, to identify the problematic factors that are hindering in promoting research culture in the universities. Field survey was conducted using a structured likert scale questionnaire for quantitative research. The tool designed by Santo et al. (2009) was modified and used accordingly to our study spectrum and collected data was analyzed in SPSS. Multistage sampling was conducted using a combination of snowball sampling, stratified sampling and random sampling techniques and data was collected from the students of different programs including management, engineering, medicine and humanities. Due to limitation of resources the data was collected only from universities in Lahore and Islamabad, two major cities of Pakistan. Univarate analysis with the help of descriptive statistics techniques and frequency table methods helped to identify the behaviour of respondents towards each of the 32 questions contained in the questionnaire. The findings of research show that Pakistani universities are lacking a healthy research culture. In fact the results showed a positive sign of concern from the students that they want to get improved research facilities in their universities. Data also highlighted specifically the most problematic areas in a detailed fashion. The results gave the exact factors which need to be considered seriously by the university authorities in order to implement the research culture in its true sense in their universities. Also the results may open new avenues for improvements and bringing betterment in the current picture of local universities research culture. Key words: Lack of Research Culture, Universities, Reasons, Pakistani Introduction Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. It consists of three steps: Pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. (Creswell, 2008). Although research is defined differently by different authors and thinkers but the value of research is recognized equally by every philosopher. Undoubtedly research is the most important tool to investigate the problems of the people, to find out their demands, and even to explore the mysteries of life, and research has the solutions for all. Research is a significant process of digging the facts and laying the foundations of knowledge and is a key process in knowledge formulation. The rate of evolution of knowledge depends on the rate of research in a particular field. With every passing day, the increased demand of detailed, authenticated and reliable knowledge, research is becoming most substantial process in every field of knowledge. Some people may think that research is simply gathering information about people, things or a certain state of affairs by some organizations, etc., but there are others who call the means of progress in the life of the present global scenario, in which every nation come closer together and appear to depend in one way or the other (Nadeem, 2011). The importance of research is recognized worldwide and developed countries are spending a lot more to promote research culture. In a speech to the Royal Society in April 2010, German Chancellor Dr Angela Merkel explained that the prosperity of a country such as Germany [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] must be sought through investment in research, education and science, and this to a disproportionate degree, (TheRoyalSociety, 2011). Developing countries are not in a competitive position to go parallel with the developed countries in field of education, despite of other facts and reasons; lack of research oriented educational approach is the main reason of it. Making countries progressed, as divide between developed and developing nations is clearly the educational system (Sanyal Varghese, 2006) What we see nowadays the technology is making this world a global village, too many innovations taking place, ideas are getting converted into realities etc. is all due to the research by the researchers and their findings in them. We hear very often the word RD that is research and development, which means to develop something, research is at the first place. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, RD refers to creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications, (OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics, 2008). General practices of research and development activities in universities facilitate the industries through their implementations. Research oriented universities assist the industries directly and indirectly: directly by provision of skills and indirectly by spillove rs (Wu, 2007) In a research culture maximum people of a group, university, business firm, area, city and or country, sit together to indicate and solve the problems like corruption, water sharing, economic crises, state security, distribution of resources and obligation etc. The meaning of research culture is also that each and every direction in the society must be biased on reason, rational, logical, pragmatic and science, as an instrument of events and resolving problems, (Ahmed, 2006). Whereas universities are considered to be the birthplaces of research and researchers and lot has happened in the world to change the non-research culture to a research culture and to the change has been the most difficult part, (Cheetham, 2007). Situation in Pakistan in regards of research at universities is not impressive and Pakistan still lacks research culture at par with developed countries, (Lodhi A. , 2010). The research output by universities in Pakistan in terms of number of research publications as against the total faculties of universities is not more than 13 per cent, (Qureshi, 2011). Pakistan is ranked 34 in the list of countries by research and development which spent 2.73 billion US$ in the year 2007. However, most RD funding in Pakistan is consumed by the military sector (60%), (UNESCO, 2010). There are deficiencies in the quality of both skills and research output of the education sector. A viable quality assurance mechanism is essentially required in Pakistan to change and improve the quality of output and efficiency of the higher education learning systems. (Mahmood Shafique, 2009) This current scenario of research culture leads results in the low yield of research output in terms of research publications. HEC Pakistan took many initiatives in order to promote research culture in Universities. But these initiatives didnt payback the desired results, i.e. a healthy research culture in Pakistani universities. This paper aims to find out the reasons of these negative results in terms of reasons of lack of research culture. Extensive research has been carried out by various researchers to analyze the extent of research culture in different institutes and universities. Literature review indicates that most of these researches are more focused towards the instructors approaches towards research culture. The role of students and the institutional policies in research are not critically analyzed. This paper is an attempt to cover the gap in this area of knowledge. It is felt that research culture is not fully introduced and facilitated and the paper aims to find and identify what are the reasons might be for the current prevailing situation of lack of research culture in the universities. Either this is due to weak infrastructure, non-serious behavior of students or teachers are not making it realized to students of the importance of research. Moreover, role of individual factors of students and institutional policies in a research culture is critically and deeply analyzed in this paper. Ultimately we are looking to promote the research culture in Pakistani universities and also to rectify the problems from its roots that are hindering in promoting the research culture. Literature Review It was during the Second World War that governments, notably the US government, recognized the significant contribution made by university research, especially by the scientists and engineers, to their success in the war, (Sanyal Varghese, 2006). The world recognized university educational research, but it is more evident in the developed nations as compared to the developing world. According to UNCTAD, 2007 they reported that there are only 94.3 scientific researchers per million people in the least developed countries (LDCs), against 313 in the other developing countries (ODCs) and 3,728 in rich countries (high-income OECD). Enrolment in university level institutions (that is, tertiary school enrolment as a share of the corresponding age group) is only 3.5% in the LDCs, against 23% in ODCs and 69% in rich countries. (Vessuri, 2011). Just to quote to some examples, the number of enrollments in PhDs in Australia, there has been 300% increase from 9,298 in the year 1990 to 27,996 in 2000, (Stehlic, 2011). Similarly North America and Europe are considered as the home to the great majority of the worlds university faculty, as well as virtually all of the worlds high-quality institutions (Vessuri, 2011). On the other hand the scenario is worst in the least developed countries due to several reasons. One of them may be due to non supportive living conditions. As reported by UNSTAD, 2007 countries like Haiti, Cape Verde, Samoa, Gambia and Somalia have lost more than half of their university-educated professionals in recent years because they have moved to industrialized countries in search of better working and living conditions, (Mamdani, 2011) (Vessuri, 2011). Undoubtedly the knowledge divide between developing and developed countries is both deep and wide. A countrys existing RD activities are a reflection of its capacity to create knowledge, (Sanyal Varghese, 2006). Higher education and science must become more evenly distributed around the world if political tension is to be eased and the chances of economic and social development are to improve. The role of education and science in this process is taken as a given a point of departure and it is assumed that knowledge and skills will be at least as important for the future of the developing world in this century as they were for developed and industrialized countries in the past, (Vessuri, 2011). Universities are the best places to implement the research culture. Humboldt, a German statesman, philologist and architect of the University, observed that the purpose of a university for both the teacher and the student is a common quest for knowledge or Wissenschaft, (Lueddeke, 2008). It is widely accepted that research, as the most important source of knowledge generation, occupies a critical position in promoting a nations prosperity and its citizens well-being in the knowledge-based era, (Li, Millwater, Hudson, 2008) and educational research helps by improving the understanding of how students learn and how best to teach, (Morrell Carroll, 2010). Moreover research is not only helps solve the practical problems and brings about material improvements via high-tech products, it also provides insights and new ideas that enrich human understanding of various social, economic and cultural phenomena, (Li, Millwater, Hudson, 2008). As also explained by Patricia D. Morrell and James B. Carroll in their book called Conducting Educational Research, educational research is important in: Proposing theories Testing theories Increasing our understanding Improving teaching learning (Morrell Carroll, 2010) The worldwide higher education landscape and research and knowledge production sectors are undergoing a profound transformation driven by unprecedented global social and economic forces and are embedded in an extremely complex reality, in which no self-evident choices are available and where actions have multiple effects in a dynamically interdependent environment (Vessuri, 2011). However integrating research and teaching in research-intensive universities is still an unresolved issue as we head into the 21st century, (Lueddeke, 2008) and expansion has taken place in fairly a limited part of the world (Vessuri, 2011). From the expanding literature, conferences and the reality on the ground, it does appear that most research-intensive universities across the globe still have not fully realized the harmonization of the research-teaching relationship, (Lueddeke, 2008). Whereas teaching in a University is different, we use the same word in primary school, secondary school, TAFE, Teachers Colleges, CAEs etc but it is not the same. One of the major differences is of course the extent to which it (the teaching) is interwoven with research and our research principles, (Cheetham, 2007). The faculty in higher education institutions has traditionally been trifocal, consisting of teaching, research and community service/extension. University faculty members are required to become teachers, researchers, and service-oriented professionals, (Salazar-Clemeà ±a Almonte-Acosta). So finally we can say that, the trends in enrolment in higher education are an indicator of the widening or narrowing gap between developing and developed countries in terms of research capacity, (Sanyal Varghese, 2006). Although universities in the developed world, as compared to the developing world, have firm traditions of research whereas universities in the developing world have retained strong teaching functions and weak research functions, (Nadeem, 2011) (Sanyal Varghese, 2006) (Salazar-Clemeà ±a Almonte-Acosta) (Lodhi A. S., 2011). Specifically talking about Pakistan, she lacks research culture at par (Lodhi A. , 2010). The nation expects from universities to contribute to basic, applied and/or action research to help minimize the problems of the country to meet the future targets, (Qureshi, 2011). There are many reasons being given by different researchers and scholars for not implementing research culture in general overall in the world and specifically for our country. Some of the reasons are extracted from different research papers and articles: Pakistan is facing major challenges regarding population and socio-economic developments which include employment, resources, food, energy, sustainability and the race for talent (Qureshi, 2011), because until and unless people will not get commodities (such as bread, cloth, and home) they cannot be turned for getting education, (Ahmed, 2006). Lack of incentives by the government, cases of plagiarism and proper facilities to conduct research on technical and scientific subjects, small salary packages to teachers in government sector universities, (Lodhi A. , 2010). Some of the problems as indicated by Sabahat Sultan of Karachi university, International Relations Department are; illiteracy standard of education, lack of resources, in cooperative attitude of government financial problems, lack of job oriented programs publishing goods, lack of proper training of research and professionalism (Sultan). Faculty members in the Pakistani universities are less enthusiastic about research, apart from a few amount of faculty members in different universities, others have not done voluntary research. Similarly students, they take up research project which is primarily a compulsory component for the award of degree, but that is done under compulsion which does not ignite students inquiry skills nor attract teachers to go for voluntary research. (Nadeem, 2011). One of true factors, which equally are applicable to Pakistani environment, as indicted by Sanyal and Varghese 2006, Gender Disparities. As they say in their research paper, female researchers constitute a relatively small share in all countries except the CIS countries. Even the ratio found very less in the advanced countries like USA and Germany, (Sanyal Varghese, 2006) . The South Asian Region also suffers from lack of linkages between public and private actors and no university-industry collaboration to speak of. It is noted in that, overall, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka seem better at producing basic knowledge than commercializing it, (UNESCO, 2010) (Wu, 2007) Introduction of research into early years of undergraduate education is not so obvious talking in the context of Role of Disciplinary Variation in Conceptualizing Research and Teaching, (Lueddeke, 2008). Research culture is largely affected by personal and organizational characteristics with leadership being the most critical attribute, (Theodore Lynette, 2010) (Lodhi A. S., 2011). Research Culture requires stable political climate, (Theodore Lynette, 2010). Methodology This is research is based on quantitative data analysis. Data collected were analysed on statistical explanatory data anaysis techniques mainly due to the reason of our intent to find only problematic factors that are causing lack of research culture in Pakistani universities. Sample Size Experts opinion was used to determine the sample size and a sample size of sample of 150 for was suggested. Tool Quantitative research was carried out with the help of a structured questionnaire developed by Santo, Engstrom, Reetz, Schweinle, Reed, 2009 (Santo, Engstrom, Reetz, Schweinle, Reed, 2009) and further used by Lodhi S. A., 2011 (Lodhi A. S., 2011) who modied the tool on the basis of his experiences to conduct his research in the Pakistani univerristies context. We modified the tool accordingly with the help of an expert for our research work to be conducted specially on students rather than on teachers and or faculty members in the universities. Respondents Sample population consists of a blend of students from different areas of study including engineering, medical, humanities, social sciences and management. Due to time and financial constraints, out of different private and public sector universities in Pakistan, we selected seven universities only from Lahore and Islamabad. The educational background of the respondents was such that they were both male and female students accompanied in bachelors and masters degree courses in their perspective universities. Out of 150 students 105 were from bachelors and 45 respondents were masters degree programs. 83 of them were male and rest, i.e. 67 were female students. Sampling technique and data collection procedure Multistage sampling was conducted using a combination of snowball sampling, stratified sampling and random sampling techniques to collect the data that resulted in a diverse and unbiased population sampling. 186 questionnaires were got filled out of which 150 questionnaires were used for the analysis purpose. Total time of 3 months was consumed in data collection and then entered in SPSS (version 17) and Microsoft Excel for further analysis. Data Analysis This quantitative study intends to find out the factors causing hindrances in a healthy research culture by focusing on individual factors of students or the institutional and leadership factors. All items in the questionnaire were individually analyzed through univariant analysis. Initially, frequencies, means, standard deviations, histograms and percentages were used to analyze the responses. Through the analysis of the all questions, few individual and institutional factors were identified that are paying major contribution towards creating lack of research culture in Pakistani universities. The problematic factors were then further categorized to favorable conditions and unfavorable conditions. Favorable conditions include the responses that were responded as strongly agree and agree patterns. Whereas unfavorable conditions include the responses that were in strongly disagree and disagree and Neither Agree Nor Disagree patterns. These factors were deeply analyzed. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1 depicting means and SDs of all the items in the questionnaire. Means were in range from 2.45 to 3.74 with SDs in range from 0.897 to 1.244. The overall behavior of the respondents was such that they were neither strongly disagreed nor strongly agreed in their views about each question so making the scenario middleware leaving a feel that students are not fully aware of the research practices as well as they dont really care about the situations regarding research culture prevalent in their universities. This behavioral trend of respondents makes the situation very vague uncertain in terms of awareness about research culture and its factors. Frequency Tables To know the in depth details of how respondents responded to each of the item in the questionnaire, we used frequency tables which gave us results in the form of frequencies and their subsequent percentages that how many out 150 students responded as strongly disagree or disagree or neither agree nor disagree or agree or strongly agree in the whole dataset. This technique helped us known that how many students, majority of them, think alike about the problems those were posed in the questionnaire. It was, ultimately, highly needed to identify the most problematic factors which may cause impedement in the growth of research culture in the universities. Most of the responses, also can be seen from the results of descriptive statistics, were centered to a middle are of histogram, i.e. responses ranging from Disagree to Agree with responses recorded as Strongly Disagree or Strongly Agree. However our interest was not to see that how different respondents responded to a certain type of qu estions that was posed, but to find the problems creating hindrances in the growth of research culture in Pakistani Universities. The below findings are describing the most problematic factors: Research Findings The detailed analysis of the responses enabled us to identify that how students think of each and every problem stated in the questionnaire. But it was very needed to analyze and highlight those problems which are more critical and hence need special attention in order to bring positivity in the prevailing situation of research and research output in Pakistani Universities. To highlight such problems we defined a rule of thumb that responses being answered as Strongly Disagree, Disagree or Neither Agree or Nor Disagree is unfavorable conditions and responses answered as Agree and Strongly Agree is favorable conditions. We further operationally defined that if cumulative percentage of unfavorable conditions equals or greater than 60% it shows characteristics of problematic factor which should be eliminated. The other way to see the problematic factors is to look at the means of the responses in the questions. Questions having a mean less than 3 are problematic areas and they can be cross verified with the criteria being set above except for the question of At least monthly, I have substantive uninterrupted conversations about research and writing with colleagues in my university whose mean is 2.98 but cumulative percentage of unflavored answers is 59.3%. The factors which are highlighted problematic in the dataset is depicted below in the below figure. Out of the eight above highlighted problematic factors, first four of them belong to Individual Factors and rest four of them belongs to Institutional and Organizational Factors. These factors include: I have/had an unassigned mentor either in my department or in other departments/schools who provides (or provided) me with valuable guidance in research. Assigned mentor and unassigned mentor are up to students interests weather they approach to them to discuss the research topics and to get pieces of advice from them or not. Although in both the cases the responses from the students are unfavorable but the criteria equal to or greater than 60% cumulative percentages being set dont allow us to depict the assigned mentor question in the above bar graph figure but its importance cant be denied if 59.3% people answer unfavorably. Anyways the scenario of unassigned mentor is clearly problematic as 71.3% people responded in unflavored manner. I have a system that allows me to protect periods of uninterrupted time to address research activities. Students recorded unfavorable concerns equal to 75.3% which means our students do not have such systems where they can save their uninterrupted time to address their research activities. Although a fair amount of students answered Agree when they were asked about having adequate time for doing their research activities, but they are not into practices of saving uninterrupted times specifically to address the research activities. Up-to-date in qualitative research design and analysis 64% of the students recorded their responses as unflavored as they see themselves weak in qualitative research design and analysis because they are not currently up-to-date with the qualitative research design. Up-to-date in publisher-hunting skills (e.g. identifying appropriate journal/conference/exhibitions, understanding their procedures and submission evaluation for your research) Although our students believe that they are up-to-date in writing skill, presentation skills, IT skills (e.g. Microsoft Office, Design and Analysis Tools, Simulation Tools), and using relevant software for data-collection and analysis (e.g. SPSS, Nvivo, EndNote, etc.) but when it comes to their up-to-dated skills in publisher hunting for identifying appropriate journal/conference/exhibitions, understanding their procedures and submission evaluation for their research they are not well up-to-dated as 68% students recorded unflavored conditions. At least weekly, I have substantive uninterrupted conversations about research and writing with colleagues in my university 72% of the people responded unfavorably as they feel they do not converse weekly about their research topics with their fellow colleagues in the university. I have access to adequate human resources such as secretarial support, support staff etc., to conduct my research projects 66% of the students stated that they do not have access to adequate human resources such as secretarial support, support staff etc. in their universities to conduct their research projects. My university provides me adequate financial support to travel to academic conferences/exhibitions within Pakistan Interestingly the most problematic factor of all is the one stated above i.e. universities provide financial support to travel to academic conferences and exhibitions within Pakistan where more than 83% people recorded their concerns unflavored. My university provides me adequate administrative support to apply for travel grants from HEC or other external sources for presentation of paper in academic conferences within Pakistan. In the similar pattern about 70% students answered unfavorably that their universities provide adequate administrative support to apply for travel grants from HEC or other external sources for presentation of paper in academic conferences within Pakistan. The figure of 70% is less than of 83% in the above question may be due to readily available HEC support or due to HECs itself marketing campaign but, as per the collected data, support from universities in this regard of applying for travel grants from HEC or other external sources is minimal. Conclusion The studies show that universities play a prominent role in knowledge production, particularly in the pure or basic research fields, (Li, Millwater, Hudson, 2008). A lot of effort is being made in the developed and developing world to make their universities as research centers, though knowledge divide is deep and is heavily tilted in favor of developing countries (Sanyal Varghese, 2006). For a country like Pakistan is where there are so many social economic and security problems, the solutions lies in inculcating the research culture at higher education level. In Pakistani universities students need direction towards conducting research. Exposure of our students towards serious research is minimal or no as very minimum number of students have their papers published in worlds journals and publications, hence the importance of research is not fully known by them. Teachers and management, however, can play a pivotal role to set the university campuses onto the high class seats of res earch centers and ultimately making the students ready for taking part in the prosperity of the nation. These are the teachers and management which can give the light of wisdom to the educating pupils that they have to come in the competition of conducting research or our nation should get ready to perish from the face of this earth. Study also highlighted the specific problems relating to individual and institutional leadership factors causing the reasons of lack of research culture. It was noted that due to the moderate correlation existence between the stated two variables, present research output of individuals can be increased by controlling the problematic factors as identified in institutional and leadership factors list, i.e. once the institutions develop systems for students to conduct their research work, they have the ability to capitalize on the things with their new and energetic ideas. Implications In the light of the findings and the literature review, some of implications can be made to introduce the research culture into the students. These are enumerated as below: Separate centers for research should be made with several research groups to promote the cause of research culture in universities. These centers should be granted grants and finance for their smooth operations. A number of students will be taking part actively under the umbrella of these research centers. Teachers having no research experience or having not appeared in any international research journals/conferences with their papers are indeed a decline to research culture, (Cheetham, 2007). In our universities, well have to make it sure that our teachers are actively involved in conducting researches as ultimately theyll be able to translate the same habit to their students and if needed inductions of new highly qualified and trained tutors having experience in research can be made. Top management should involve into the matter of concern and should make the environment such that students get all those tools that are required to write an international research paper, e.g. availability of liter

Observational Learning Essay

During this course we studied that behaviors can be learned through our own experiences or observing others. Learning is the knowledge obtained in life through education, interacting with people, experiences and practice. There are three types of learning: Classical Conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. There are many topics that grabbed my interest during this course, but observational learning made me think about my personal life and reminded me of many experiences that I went through in life. Observational learning means that we learn through watching others and then imitating them, this can happen through observing our family, neighbors, friends or TV. I remember when I was a child, I used to watch my mother cooking and then I go back to my room and pretend that am cooking as well. Even though, I grew up and became a very bad cooker. Albert Bandura suggested in his theory â€Å"The social learning theory† that children tend to imitated adults by observing them. He supported his theory in his famous experiment â€Å"Bobo doll†, which shows an adult acting aggressively toward a Bobo doll, and after that when they allowed the children to play with the doll they acted in the same aggressive way. I remember last year I was with my aunt and her 7 years old son in the car going to a restaurant. My aunt is a smoker, so she took out a cigarette and started smoking. After sometimes, her son told her: † When I grow up I will smoke cigarettes†, she told him: â€Å"No, you are not allowed to smoke it’s bad for health†, he replayed: â€Å"But you smoke, I want to be cool like you† and when we reached to the restaurant, her son took a straw and started acting as if he is smoking. In addition, Banduara’s study showed that people also learn through imitating others who receive punishments and rewards. It means that when a child sees his older siblings getting punished for doing something wrong, the child is more likely to avoid doing it so he/she won’t get punished. On the other hand, if a child noticed that one of his siblings are rewarded for behaving in a certain way or doing something good, the child will do the same to get a reward. When I was 9 years old, my parents bought a new toy for my older brother because he got a full mark on one of his subjects at school, I was very jealous that day and decided to study hard to get a full mark so my parents can get me a gift. Learning can be either positive or negative. Positive observational learning is when a person learn a good behavior from someone. When I was young, every time we go to a mall there were these small charity cabinets were you can donate money. I used to see my mother donating money like every time we go to a mall, and now I do the same thing. In contrast, negative observational learning is when a person learn a bad behavior from someone else. It is true that people can learn negative behavior from their siblings, family, friends or neighbors, however; I believe that TV and media content is more dangerous and have more powerful impact on people. For example, my small cousin began to act violently since he started watching WWE (a wrestling show) and he even memorized all the wrestle moves. Everyone in the family and school is complaining that he beats other children so hard. For him, he finds it cool and believe that in this way more people will like him as they like these wrestlers. Finally, I believe that observational learning is an effective way. Children have the right to explore their own world and determine the wrong action from the right one. Of course, parents should act in a proper way in front of their children and be careful of what they are watching, and advice them to do the right thing when the make a mistake.

Startling Facts About Example Essay Topics for College Students Uncovered

Startling Facts About Example Essay Topics for College Students Uncovered There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. The rules for writing an excellent essay are the same. 1 important thing which you should do when writing your essay is to allow it to be personal. The single most essential part of your essay preparation might be simply ensuring you truly understand the question or essay prompt. The role of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. The ways they should be taught about their health. With the many activities that they have on their daily schedules, it can be hard to find the time to all the requisite research and writing. Many students think that it is a waste of time. Your objective is to instruct the reader. A special title will capture the interest of the reader and enhance your odds of obtaining a high score. 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